Arnold Joseph Toynbee was born on 14 April 1889 in London. A historian and expert on international affairs, he is best known for A Study of History (1934–1961). During both world wars, he worked for the British Foreign Office and was a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Professor of Modern Greek and Byzantine History at King’s College, London from 1919 to 1924, he was a Manchester Guardian correspondent during the Greco-Turkish War. He was appointed Research Professor of International History at the London School of Economics 1925, retiring in 1956.
Toynbee was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1937 and International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1941. He oversaw the publication of The Survey of International Affairs from 1925 to 1977. Important works include Nationality and the War (1915), The Armenian Atrocities: The Murder of a Nation (1915), The German Terror in France: An Historical Record (1917), Turkey, a Past and a Future (1917), Civilization on Trial (1948), Christianity Among the Religions of the World (1958), and Democracy in the Atomic Age (1957).
